Folks,

Thanks for responding during today's call to my question regarding the difference between a registrar responding with the name of a privacy or proxy service versus the word "redacted." I think there are still outstanding questions to be resolved.

During the discussion an additional question arose in my mind, so here are the questions I'm seeking answers to.

Under what circumstances may a registrar impose a privacy or proxy service to hide the registration data? Some possible answers:

It's entirely up to the registrar. Different registrars may have different policies. The registrant has no say. (I doubt this is the case for any registrar, but I'm including it for completeness.)
A registrar may choose to impose a privacy or proxy service by default, but the registrant is informed and may choose not to have it imposed.
A registrar may give the registrant the choice of having the registration protected by the registrar's privacy or proxy service.

Under what circumstances will a registrar respond to a request with "redacted" versus with the name of the privacy or proxy service?
What recourse does the requester have in each case?

Thanks,

Steve