Re: [cc-humanrights] cc-humanrights Digest, Vol 18, Issue 5
Dear all, I have been working on the FOI - and developed some completely new text on the basis of your suggestions, which you can find below. I have focused on the Ruggie principles as the standard for ICANN to uphold. I assume this is still open for discussion, but for the time being (or unless Tatiana, Aarti or Vidushi tell me that I have no business making these kinds of decisions as a none-lawyer ;) I am focusing on Ruggie. However, I am running into some troubles trying to actually flesh out what steps should be taken to ensure the interpretation of the Ruggie principles happens as we believe will best ensure ICANN's commitment to respect human rights. Right now I combined text from the HRIA document, the research done <http://www.ihrb.org/pdf/reports/2015-11-17-ICANN-Corporate-Responsibility-to...> by Article 19 and the guiding principles <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/HR.PUB.12.2_En.pdf>for the Ruggie principles. But I feel like I am going in circles, and suggesting in the FOI that we need the development of other policies and procedures. Which I don't think is the best way forward. If anyone has any thoughts now, or on the call later today that would be much appreciated! Best, *FOI Version 3 * The purpose of this Framework of Interpretation (FOI) is to give a framework for applying human rights principles to ensure that ICANN respects internationally recognized human rights. The most appropriate principles to set as the standard in the case of ICANN are the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, also known as the Ruggie principles. These principles present a set of guidelines for States and companies to ‘protect, respect, and remedy’ human rights abuses committed in business operations. Their unique tailoring to businesses makes them a good fit for ICANN. The word respect in this case refers to companies’ responsibility to avoid infringing on the human rights of others and should address adverse human rights impacts with which they are involved (Guiding principle 11, <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.p...> for implementing the Ruggie Principles). The overall Ruggie principles has three tiers: 1. State responsibility to protect against human rights abuses by third entities, including businesses through policies, regulation and adjudication. 2. Corporate responsibility to respect human rights, in which businesses are asked to practice due diligence (see definition below) to avoid infringing on the rights of others and address instances of adverse impact in which they are involved. 3. Access to effective remedy for victims, both judicial and non-judicial. This framework of interpretation develops a set of guiding principles based on those presented by the UN for the Ruggie principles and specifically focused on the second tier: the corporate responsibility to respect human rights. *Corporate responsibility to respect human rights:* In addition to an explicit human rights commitment, companies need to adopt a due diligence approach to their business processes. Due diligence in the case of human rights refers to the: “An ongoing risk management process…in order to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how [a company] addresses its adverse human rights impacts. It includes four key steps: assessing actual and potential human rights impacts; integrating and acting on the findings; tracking responses; and communicating about how impacts are addressed.” (UN Ruggie Principles). In practice this mean companies need to have in place on-going processes that identify potential human rights abuses, that allow them to respond in a timely fashion with measures to prevent these abuses. These processes can also identify ongoing human rights abuses, and as such, need to include procedures to remedy those. Keeping in mind that this framework of interpretation does not create any additional obligation for ICANN to respond to or consider any complaint, request or demand seeking the enforcement of human rights by ICANN. Based on this information the following steps should be taken to ensure proper interpretation of the Ruggie Principles: *Phase 1: Human rights impact analysis* a.) A planning and scoping phase that includes scoping of (i) ICANN’s business activities to understand the scale and type of ICANN’s operations, and (ii) the human rights context of ICANN’s operation to understand the human rights topics in the particular ICANN operational context. b.) Data collection and baseline phase: additional data gathering to better understand the key human rights areas identified in phase a, through further research, as well as interviews and stakeholder engagement. c.) Impact analysis: systematically identify any human rights impacts of ICANN operations and to assess their severity against the Ruggie Principles. d.) Present an impact analysis matrix. *Phase 2: Mitigation and prevention system for human rights abuses* a.) Manage and mitigate impact by applying a mitigation hierarchy that first focuses on prevention, and where not possible applies mitigation strategies. This includes finding ways to exercise leverage to address impacts in collaboration with third parties, including business partners, stakeholders, government agencies etc. b.) Clearly establish roles and responsibility, allocate resources and establish performance indicators, milestones and deadlines to be followed. *Phase 3: Presentation of findings * a.) Present the responses to the issues identified on an on going basis. *Phase 4: Reporting and evaluation* a.) Reporting publically on progress periodically. b.) Develop mechanism to feed these results back into phase 2. c.) ICANN board and management should carry out a comprehensive (and preferably an external) process of review and evaluation of its Policy and Management Plan/System after three to five years of implementation. On Mon, May 16, 2016 at 10:44 PM, <cc-humanrights-request@icann.org> wrote:
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1. REMINDER: CCWP ICANN and Human Rights | Tuesday 17 May 2016 | 13:00 UTC (Maryam Bakoshi)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Message: 1 Date: Mon, 16 May 2016 21:08:54 +0000 From: Maryam Bakoshi <maryam.bakoshi@icann.org> To: Human Rights <cc-humanrights@icann.org>, ICANN Policy Calendar <PolicyCalendar@icann.org> Cc: matteo lucchetti <matluc@hotmail.com>, Herb Waye <herb.waye@icann.org>, Niels ten Oever < niels@digitaldissidents.org> Subject: [cc-humanrights] REMINDER: CCWP ICANN and Human Rights | Tuesday 17 May 2016 | 13:00 UTC Message-ID: < 7ddc6bc5d2dc4231aa07c4ea65fcedc9@PMBX112-E1-VA-2.PEXCH112.ICANN.ORG> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
Dear All,
Please find below participation details for CCWP ICANN and Human Rights on Tuesday 17 May 2016 at 13:00 UTC
Adobe Connect: https://icann.adobeconnect.com/ncsg/
Full list of Time Zones: http://tinyurl.com/z6pcbrq
Time in some other locations:
Sydney: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 23:00 Tokyo: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 22:00 Beijing: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 21:00 Moscow: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 16:00 New Delhi: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 18:30 Paris: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 15:00 Buenos Aires: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 10:00 New York: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 09:00 Los Angeles: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 06:00
Agenda: TBC
Passcodes/Pin codes: Participant passcode: HR
For security reasons, the passcode will be required to join the conference.
Dial in numbers: Country Toll Numbers Freephone/ Toll Free Number
ARGENTINA 0800-777-0519<tel:0800-777-0519> AUSTRALIA ADELAIDE: 61-8-8121-4842 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA BRISBANE: 61-7-3102-0944 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA CANBERRA: 61-2-6100-1944 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA MELBOURNE: 61-3-9010-7713 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA PERTH: 61-8-9467-5223 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA SYDNEY: 61-2-8205-8129 1-800-657-260 AUSTRIA 43-1-92-81-113 0800-005-259 BELGIUM 32-2-400-9861 0800-3-8795 BRAZIL 0800-7610651<tel:0800-7610651> CHILE 1230-020-2863 CHINA CHINA A: 86-400-810-4789 10800-712-1670 CHINA CHINA B: 86-400-810-4789 10800-120-1670 COLOMBIA 01800-9-156474 CZECH REPUBLIC 420-2-25-98-56-64 800-700-177 DENMARK 45-7014-0284 8088-8324 ESTONIA 800-011-1093 FINLAND 358-9-5424-7162 0-800-9-14610 FRANCE LYON: 33-4-26-69-12-85 080-511-1496 FRANCE MARSEILLE: 33-4-86-06-00-85 080-511-1496 FRANCE PARIS: 33-1-70-70-60-72 080-511-1496 GERMANY 49-69-2222-20362 0800-664-4247<tel:0800-664-4247> GREECE 30-80-1-100-0687 00800-12-7312 HONG KONG 852-3001-3863 800-962-856 HUNGARY 06-800-12755 INDIA INDIA A: 000-800-852-1268 INDIA INDIA B: 000-800-001-6305 INDIA INDIA C: 1800-300-00491 INDONESIA 001-803-011-3982 IRELAND 353-1-246-7646 1800-992-368 ISRAEL 1-80-9216162 ITALY MILAN: 39-02-3600-6007 800-986-383 JAPAN OSAKA: 81-6-7739-4799<tel:81-6-7739-4799> 0066-33-132439 JAPAN TOKYO: 81-3-5539-5191<tel:81-3-5539-5191> 0066-33-132439 LATVIA 8000-3185 LUXEMBOURG 352-27-000-1364 MALAYSIA 1-800-81-3065 MEXICO 001-866-376-9696 NETHERLANDS 31-20-718-8588 0800-023-4378<tel:0800-023-4378> NEW ZEALAND 64-9-970-4771 0800-447-722 NORWAY 47-21-590-062 800-15157 PANAMA 011-001-800-5072065 PERU 0800-53713 PHILIPPINES 63-2-858-3716 POLAND 00-800-1212572 PORTUGAL 8008-14052 RUSSIA 8-10-8002-0144011 SAUDI ARABIA 800-8-110087 SINGAPORE 65-6883-9230 800-120-4663 SLOVAK REPUBLIC 421-2-322-422-25 SOUTH AFRICA 080-09-80414 SOUTH KOREA 82-2-6744-1083 00798-14800-7352 SPAIN 34-91-414-25-33 800-300-053 SWEDEN 46-8-566-19-348 0200-884-622 SWITZERLAND 41-44-580-6398 0800-120-032 TAIWAN 886-2-2795-7379 00801-137-797 THAILAND 001-800-1206-66056 UNITED KINGDOM BIRMINGHAM: 44-121-210-9025 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM GLASGOW: 44-141-202-3225 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM LEEDS: 44-113-301-2125 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM LONDON: 44-20-7108-6370 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM MANCHESTER: 44-161-601-1425 0808-238-6029 URUGUAY 000-413-598-3421 USA 1-517-345-9004 866-692-5726 VENEZUELA 0800-1-00-3702
Restrictions may exist when accessing freephone/toll free numbers using a mobile telephone.
Many thanks, -- Maryam Bakoshi Secretariat ?Support - NCSG, NCUC, NPOC Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Email: maryam.bakoshi@icann.org<mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org> Mobile: +44 7737 698036 Skype: maryam.bakoshi.icann
Dear Corinne, Thanks for your great work, it might help to have a bit of background in to the discussion that we extensively had in CCWG WP4 on this. There was no clear agreement whatsoever on using the Ruggie Principles, so assuming we will might ruffle some feathers. Next to that we might need think whether it would be necessary to go this deep and far at all. Maybe an FoI could simply be an explanatory report to the bylaw which explains: - What does it mean to respect - What does it mean to not enforce - Reference to applicable instruments - Whether other documents are needed in addition to the bylaw (e.g. HR policy I think that less might be more. Happy to discuss on the call and hear what other people think. Best, Niels Niels ten Oever Head of Digital Article 19 www.article19.org PGP fingerprint 8D9F C567 BEE4 A431 56C4 678B 08B5 A0F2 636D 68E9 On 05/17/2016 11:59 AM, Corinne Cath wrote:
Dear all,
I have been working on the FOI - and developed some completely new text on the basis of your suggestions, which you can find below.
I have focused on the Ruggie principles as the standard for ICANN to uphold. I assume this is still open for discussion, but for the time being (or unless Tatiana, Aarti or Vidushi tell me that I have no business making these kinds of decisions as a none-lawyer ;) I am focusing on Ruggie.
However, I am running into some troubles trying to actually flesh out what steps should be taken to ensure the interpretation of the Ruggie principles happens as we believe will best ensure ICANN's commitment to respect human rights.
Right now I combined text from the HRIA document, the research done <http://www.ihrb.org/pdf/reports/2015-11-17-ICANN-Corporate-Responsibility-to...> by Article 19 and the guiding principles <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/HR.PUB.12.2_En.pdf>for the Ruggie principles. But I feel like I am going in circles, and suggesting in the FOI that we need the development of other policies and procedures. Which I don't think is the best way forward.
If anyone has any thoughts now, or on the call later today that would be much appreciated!
Best,
*FOI Version 3 *
The purpose of this Framework of Interpretation (FOI) is to give a framework for applying human rights principles to ensure that ICANN respects internationally recognized human rights. The most appropriate principles to set as the standard in the case of ICANN are the UN Guiding Principleson Business and Human Rights, also known as the Ruggie principles. These principles present a set of guidelines for States and companies to ‘protect, respect, and remedy’ human rights abuses committed in business operations. Their unique tailoring to businesses makes them a good fit for ICANN. The word respect in this case refers to companies’ responsibility to avoid infringing on the human rights of others and should address adverse human rights impacts with which they are involved (Guiding principle 11, <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf>for implementing the Ruggie Principles).
The overall Ruggie principles has three tiers:
1. State responsibility to protect against human rights abuses by third entities, including businesses through policies, regulation and adjudication.
2. Corporate responsibility to respect human rights, in which businesses are asked to practice due diligence (see definition below) to avoid infringing on the rights of others and address instances of adverse impact in which they are involved.
3. Access to effective remedy for victims, both judicial and non-judicial.
This framework of interpretation develops a set of guiding principles based on those presented by the UN for the Ruggie principles and specifically focused on the second tier: the corporate responsibility to respect human rights.
*Corporate responsibility to respect human rights:*
In addition to an explicit human rights commitment, companies need to adopt a due diligence approach to their business processes. Due diligence in the case of human rights refers to the: “An ongoing risk management process…in order to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how [a company] addresses its adverse human rights impacts. It includes four key steps: assessing actual and potential human rights impacts; integrating and acting on the findings; tracking responses; and communicating about how impacts are addressed.” (UN Ruggie Principles).
In practice this mean companies need to have in place on-going processes that identify potential human rights abuses, that allow them to respond in a timely fashion with measures to prevent these abuses. These processes can also identify ongoing human rights abuses, and as such, need to include procedures to remedy those. Keeping in mind that this framework of interpretation does not create any additional obligation for ICANN to respond to or consider any complaint, request or demand seeking the enforcement of human rights by ICANN.
Based on this information the following steps should be taken to ensure proper interpretation of the Ruggie Principles:
_Phase 1: Human rights impact analysis_
a.) A planning and scoping phase that includes scoping of (i) ICANN’s business activities to understand the scale and type of ICANN’s operations, and (ii) the human rights context of ICANN’soperation to understand the human rights topics in the particular ICANN operational context.
b.) Data collection and baseline phase: additional data gathering to better understand the key human rights areas identified in phase a, through further research, as well as interviews and stakeholder engagement.
c.) Impact analysis: systematically identify any human rights impacts of ICANN operations and to assess their severity against the Ruggie Principles.
d.) Present an impact analysis matrix.
_Phase 2: Mitigation and prevention system for human rights abuses_
a.) Manage and mitigate impact by applying a mitigation hierarchy that first focuses on prevention, and where not possible applies mitigation strategies.This includes finding ways to exercise leverage to address impacts in collaboration with third parties, including business partners, stakeholders, government agencies etc.
b.) Clearly establish roles and responsibility, allocate resources and establish performance indicators, milestones and deadlines to be followed.
_Phase 3: Presentation of findings _
a.) Present the responses to the issues identified on an on going basis.
_Phase 4: Reporting and evaluation_
a.) Reporting publically on progress periodically.
b.) Develop mechanism to feed these results back into phase 2.
c.) ICANN board and management should carry out a comprehensive (and preferably an external) process of review and evaluation of its Policy and Management Plan/System after three to five years of implementation.
On Mon, May 16, 2016 at 10:44 PM, <cc-humanrights-request@icann.org <mailto:cc-humanrights-request@icann.org>> wrote:
Send cc-humanrights mailing list submissions to cc-humanrights@icann.org <mailto:cc-humanrights@icann.org>
To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit https://mm.icann.org/mailman/listinfo/cc-humanrights or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to cc-humanrights-request@icann.org <mailto:cc-humanrights-request@icann.org>
You can reach the person managing the list at cc-humanrights-owner@icann.org <mailto:cc-humanrights-owner@icann.org>
When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific than "Re: Contents of cc-humanrights digest..."
Today's Topics:
1. REMINDER: CCWP ICANN and Human Rights | Tuesday 17 May 2016 | 13:00 UTC (Maryam Bakoshi)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Message: 1 Date: Mon, 16 May 2016 21:08:54 +0000 From: Maryam Bakoshi <maryam.bakoshi@icann.org <mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org>> To: Human Rights <cc-humanrights@icann.org <mailto:cc-humanrights@icann.org>>, ICANN Policy Calendar <PolicyCalendar@icann.org <mailto:PolicyCalendar@icann.org>> Cc: matteo lucchetti <matluc@hotmail.com <mailto:matluc@hotmail.com>>, Herb Waye <herb.waye@icann.org <mailto:herb.waye@icann.org>>, Niels ten Oever <niels@digitaldissidents.org <mailto:niels@digitaldissidents.org>> Subject: [cc-humanrights] REMINDER: CCWP ICANN and Human Rights | Tuesday 17 May 2016 | 13:00 UTC Message-ID:
<7ddc6bc5d2dc4231aa07c4ea65fcedc9@PMBX112-E1-VA-2.PEXCH112.ICANN.ORG <mailto:7ddc6bc5d2dc4231aa07c4ea65fcedc9@PMBX112-E1-VA-2.PEXCH112.ICANN.ORG>> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
Dear All,
Please find below participation details for CCWP ICANN and Human Rights on Tuesday 17 May 2016 at 13:00 UTC
Adobe Connect: https://icann.adobeconnect.com/ncsg/
Full list of Time Zones: http://tinyurl.com/z6pcbrq
Time in some other locations:
Sydney: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 23:00 Tokyo: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 22:00 Beijing: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 21:00 Moscow: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 16:00 New Delhi: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 18:30 Paris: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 15:00 Buenos Aires: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 10:00 New York: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 09:00 Los Angeles: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 06:00
Agenda: TBC
Passcodes/Pin codes: Participant passcode: HR
For security reasons, the passcode will be required to join the conference.
Dial in numbers: Country Toll Numbers Freephone/ Toll Free Number
ARGENTINA 0800-777-0519<tel:0800-777-0519> AUSTRALIA ADELAIDE: 61-8-8121-4842 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA BRISBANE: 61-7-3102-0944 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA CANBERRA: 61-2-6100-1944 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA MELBOURNE: 61-3-9010-7713 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA PERTH: 61-8-9467-5223 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA SYDNEY: 61-2-8205-8129 1-800-657-260 AUSTRIA 43-1-92-81-113 0800-005-259 BELGIUM 32-2-400-9861 0800-3-8795 BRAZIL 0800-7610651<tel:0800-7610651> CHILE 1230-020-2863 CHINA CHINA A: 86-400-810-4789 10800-712-1670 CHINA CHINA B: 86-400-810-4789 10800-120-1670 COLOMBIA 01800-9-156474 CZECH REPUBLIC 420-2-25-98-56-64 800-700-177 DENMARK 45-7014-0284 8088-8324 ESTONIA 800-011-1093 FINLAND 358-9-5424-7162 0-800-9-14610 FRANCE LYON: 33-4-26-69-12-85 080-511-1496 FRANCE MARSEILLE: 33-4-86-06-00-85 080-511-1496 FRANCE PARIS: 33-1-70-70-60-72 080-511-1496 GERMANY 49-69-2222-20362 0800-664-4247<tel:0800-664-4247> GREECE 30-80-1-100-0687 00800-12-7312 HONG KONG 852-3001-3863 800-962-856 HUNGARY 06-800-12755 INDIA INDIA A: 000-800-852-1268 INDIA INDIA B: 000-800-001-6305 INDIA INDIA C: 1800-300-00491 INDONESIA 001-803-011-3982 IRELAND 353-1-246-7646 1800-992-368 ISRAEL 1-80-9216162 ITALY MILAN: 39-02-3600-6007 800-986-383 JAPAN OSAKA: 81-6-7739-4799<tel:81-6-7739-4799> 0066-33-132439 JAPAN TOKYO: 81-3-5539-5191<tel:81-3-5539-5191> 0066-33-132439 LATVIA 8000-3185 LUXEMBOURG 352-27-000-1364 MALAYSIA 1-800-81-3065 MEXICO 001-866-376-9696 NETHERLANDS 31-20-718-8588 0800-023-4378<tel:0800-023-4378> NEW ZEALAND 64-9-970-4771 0800-447-722 NORWAY 47-21-590-062 800-15157 PANAMA 011-001-800-5072065 PERU 0800-53713 PHILIPPINES 63-2-858-3716 POLAND 00-800-1212572 PORTUGAL 8008-14052 RUSSIA 8-10-8002-0144011 SAUDI ARABIA 800-8-110087 SINGAPORE 65-6883-9230 800-120-4663 SLOVAK REPUBLIC 421-2-322-422-25 SOUTH AFRICA 080-09-80414 SOUTH KOREA 82-2-6744-1083 00798-14800-7352 SPAIN 34-91-414-25-33 800-300-053 SWEDEN 46-8-566-19-348 0200-884-622 SWITZERLAND 41-44-580-6398 0800-120-032 TAIWAN 886-2-2795-7379 00801-137-797 THAILAND 001-800-1206-66056 UNITED KINGDOM BIRMINGHAM: 44-121-210-9025 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM GLASGOW: 44-141-202-3225 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM LEEDS: 44-113-301-2125 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM LONDON: 44-20-7108-6370 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM MANCHESTER: 44-161-601-1425 0808-238-6029 URUGUAY 000-413-598-3421 USA 1-517-345-9004 866-692-5726 VENEZUELA 0800-1-00-3702
Restrictions may exist when accessing freephone/toll free numbers using a mobile telephone.
Many thanks, -- Maryam Bakoshi Secretariat ?Support - NCSG, NCUC, NPOC Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Email: maryam.bakoshi@icann.org <mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org><mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org <mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org>> Mobile: +44 7737 698036 <tel:%2B44%207737%20698036> Skype: maryam.bakoshi.icann
Hi + 1 Niels on the "less is more" w/r/t/ the FOI. On 5/17/2016 11:45 AM, Niels ten Oever wrote:
Dear Corinne,
Thanks for your great work, it might help to have a bit of background in to the discussion that we extensively had in CCWG WP4 on this. There was no clear agreement whatsoever on using the Ruggie Principles, so assuming we will might ruffle some feathers.
Next to that we might need think whether it would be necessary to go this deep and far at all. Maybe an FoI could simply be an explanatory report to the bylaw which explains: - What does it mean to respect - What does it mean to not enforce - Reference to applicable instruments - Whether other documents are needed in addition to the bylaw (e.g. HR policy
I think that less might be more.
Happy to discuss on the call and hear what other people think.
Best,
Niels
Niels ten Oever Head of Digital
Article 19 www.article19.org
PGP fingerprint 8D9F C567 BEE4 A431 56C4 678B 08B5 A0F2 636D 68E9
On 05/17/2016 11:59 AM, Corinne Cath wrote:
Dear all,
I have been working on the FOI - and developed some completely new text on the basis of your suggestions, which you can find below.
I have focused on the Ruggie principles as the standard for ICANN to uphold. I assume this is still open for discussion, but for the time being (or unless Tatiana, Aarti or Vidushi tell me that I have no business making these kinds of decisions as a none-lawyer ;) I am focusing on Ruggie.
However, I am running into some troubles trying to actually flesh out what steps should be taken to ensure the interpretation of the Ruggie principles happens as we believe will best ensure ICANN's commitment to respect human rights.
Right now I combined text from the HRIA document, the research done <http://www.ihrb.org/pdf/reports/2015-11-17-ICANN-Corporate-Responsibility-to...> by Article 19 and the guiding principles <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/HR.PUB.12.2_En.pdf>for the Ruggie principles. But I feel like I am going in circles, and suggesting in the FOI that we need the development of other policies and procedures. Which I don't think is the best way forward.
If anyone has any thoughts now, or on the call later today that would be much appreciated!
Best,
*FOI Version 3 *
The purpose of this Framework of Interpretation (FOI) is to give a framework for applying human rights principles to ensure that ICANN respects internationally recognized human rights. The most appropriate principles to set as the standard in the case of ICANN are the UN Guiding Principleson Business and Human Rights, also known as the Ruggie principles. These principles present a set of guidelines for States and companies to ‘protect, respect, and remedy’ human rights abuses committed in business operations. Their unique tailoring to businesses makes them a good fit for ICANN. The word respect in this case refers to companies’ responsibility to avoid infringing on the human rights of others and should address adverse human rights impacts with which they are involved (Guiding principle 11, <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf>for implementing the Ruggie Principles).
The overall Ruggie principles has three tiers:
1. State responsibility to protect against human rights abuses by third entities, including businesses through policies, regulation and adjudication.
2. Corporate responsibility to respect human rights, in which businesses are asked to practice due diligence (see definition below) to avoid infringing on the rights of others and address instances of adverse impact in which they are involved.
3. Access to effective remedy for victims, both judicial and non-judicial.
This framework of interpretation develops a set of guiding principles based on those presented by the UN for the Ruggie principles and specifically focused on the second tier: the corporate responsibility to respect human rights.
*Corporate responsibility to respect human rights:*
In addition to an explicit human rights commitment, companies need to adopt a due diligence approach to their business processes. Due diligence in the case of human rights refers to the: “An ongoing risk management process…in order to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how [a company] addresses its adverse human rights impacts. It includes four key steps: assessing actual and potential human rights impacts; integrating and acting on the findings; tracking responses; and communicating about how impacts are addressed.” (UN Ruggie Principles).
In practice this mean companies need to have in place on-going processes that identify potential human rights abuses, that allow them to respond in a timely fashion with measures to prevent these abuses. These processes can also identify ongoing human rights abuses, and as such, need to include procedures to remedy those. Keeping in mind that this framework of interpretation does not create any additional obligation for ICANN to respond to or consider any complaint, request or demand seeking the enforcement of human rights by ICANN.
Based on this information the following steps should be taken to ensure proper interpretation of the Ruggie Principles:
_Phase 1: Human rights impact analysis_
a.) A planning and scoping phase that includes scoping of (i) ICANN’s business activities to understand the scale and type of ICANN’s operations, and (ii) the human rights context of ICANN’soperation to understand the human rights topics in the particular ICANN operational context.
b.) Data collection and baseline phase: additional data gathering to better understand the key human rights areas identified in phase a, through further research, as well as interviews and stakeholder engagement.
c.) Impact analysis: systematically identify any human rights impacts of ICANN operations and to assess their severity against the Ruggie Principles.
d.) Present an impact analysis matrix.
_Phase 2: Mitigation and prevention system for human rights abuses_
a.) Manage and mitigate impact by applying a mitigation hierarchy that first focuses on prevention, and where not possible applies mitigation strategies.This includes finding ways to exercise leverage to address impacts in collaboration with third parties, including business partners, stakeholders, government agencies etc.
b.) Clearly establish roles and responsibility, allocate resources and establish performance indicators, milestones and deadlines to be followed.
_Phase 3: Presentation of findings _
a.) Present the responses to the issues identified on an on going basis.
_Phase 4: Reporting and evaluation_
a.) Reporting publically on progress periodically.
b.) Develop mechanism to feed these results back into phase 2.
c.) ICANN board and management should carry out a comprehensive (and preferably an external) process of review and evaluation of its Policy and Management Plan/System after three to five years of implementation.
On Mon, May 16, 2016 at 10:44 PM, <cc-humanrights-request@icann.org <mailto:cc-humanrights-request@icann.org>> wrote:
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Today's Topics:
1. REMINDER: CCWP ICANN and Human Rights | Tuesday 17 May 2016 | 13:00 UTC (Maryam Bakoshi)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Message: 1 Date: Mon, 16 May 2016 21:08:54 +0000 From: Maryam Bakoshi <maryam.bakoshi@icann.org <mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org>> To: Human Rights <cc-humanrights@icann.org <mailto:cc-humanrights@icann.org>>, ICANN Policy Calendar <PolicyCalendar@icann.org <mailto:PolicyCalendar@icann.org>> Cc: matteo lucchetti <matluc@hotmail.com <mailto:matluc@hotmail.com>>, Herb Waye <herb.waye@icann.org <mailto:herb.waye@icann.org>>, Niels ten Oever <niels@digitaldissidents.org <mailto:niels@digitaldissidents.org>> Subject: [cc-humanrights] REMINDER: CCWP ICANN and Human Rights | Tuesday 17 May 2016 | 13:00 UTC Message-ID:
<7ddc6bc5d2dc4231aa07c4ea65fcedc9@PMBX112-E1-VA-2.PEXCH112.ICANN.ORG <mailto:7ddc6bc5d2dc4231aa07c4ea65fcedc9@PMBX112-E1-VA-2.PEXCH112.ICANN.ORG>> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
Dear All,
Please find below participation details for CCWP ICANN and Human Rights on Tuesday 17 May 2016 at 13:00 UTC
Adobe Connect: https://icann.adobeconnect.com/ncsg/
Full list of Time Zones: http://tinyurl.com/z6pcbrq
Time in some other locations:
Sydney: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 23:00 Tokyo: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 22:00 Beijing: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 21:00 Moscow: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 16:00 New Delhi: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 18:30 Paris: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 15:00 Buenos Aires: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 10:00 New York: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 09:00 Los Angeles: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 06:00
Agenda: TBC
Passcodes/Pin codes: Participant passcode: HR
For security reasons, the passcode will be required to join the conference.
Dial in numbers: Country Toll Numbers Freephone/ Toll Free Number
ARGENTINA 0800-777-0519<tel:0800-777-0519> AUSTRALIA ADELAIDE: 61-8-8121-4842 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA BRISBANE: 61-7-3102-0944 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA CANBERRA: 61-2-6100-1944 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA MELBOURNE: 61-3-9010-7713 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA PERTH: 61-8-9467-5223 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA SYDNEY: 61-2-8205-8129 1-800-657-260 AUSTRIA 43-1-92-81-113 0800-005-259 BELGIUM 32-2-400-9861 0800-3-8795 BRAZIL 0800-7610651<tel:0800-7610651> CHILE 1230-020-2863 CHINA CHINA A: 86-400-810-4789 10800-712-1670 CHINA CHINA B: 86-400-810-4789 10800-120-1670 COLOMBIA 01800-9-156474 CZECH REPUBLIC 420-2-25-98-56-64 800-700-177 DENMARK 45-7014-0284 8088-8324 ESTONIA 800-011-1093 FINLAND 358-9-5424-7162 0-800-9-14610 FRANCE LYON: 33-4-26-69-12-85 080-511-1496 FRANCE MARSEILLE: 33-4-86-06-00-85 080-511-1496 FRANCE PARIS: 33-1-70-70-60-72 080-511-1496 GERMANY 49-69-2222-20362 0800-664-4247<tel:0800-664-4247> GREECE 30-80-1-100-0687 00800-12-7312 HONG KONG 852-3001-3863 800-962-856 HUNGARY 06-800-12755 INDIA INDIA A: 000-800-852-1268 INDIA INDIA B: 000-800-001-6305 INDIA INDIA C: 1800-300-00491 INDONESIA 001-803-011-3982 IRELAND 353-1-246-7646 1800-992-368 ISRAEL 1-80-9216162 ITALY MILAN: 39-02-3600-6007 800-986-383 JAPAN OSAKA: 81-6-7739-4799<tel:81-6-7739-4799> 0066-33-132439 JAPAN TOKYO: 81-3-5539-5191<tel:81-3-5539-5191> 0066-33-132439 LATVIA 8000-3185 LUXEMBOURG 352-27-000-1364 MALAYSIA 1-800-81-3065 MEXICO 001-866-376-9696 NETHERLANDS 31-20-718-8588 0800-023-4378<tel:0800-023-4378> NEW ZEALAND 64-9-970-4771 0800-447-722 NORWAY 47-21-590-062 800-15157 PANAMA 011-001-800-5072065 PERU 0800-53713 PHILIPPINES 63-2-858-3716 POLAND 00-800-1212572 PORTUGAL 8008-14052 RUSSIA 8-10-8002-0144011 SAUDI ARABIA 800-8-110087 SINGAPORE 65-6883-9230 800-120-4663 SLOVAK REPUBLIC 421-2-322-422-25 SOUTH AFRICA 080-09-80414 SOUTH KOREA 82-2-6744-1083 00798-14800-7352 SPAIN 34-91-414-25-33 800-300-053 SWEDEN 46-8-566-19-348 0200-884-622 SWITZERLAND 41-44-580-6398 0800-120-032 TAIWAN 886-2-2795-7379 00801-137-797 THAILAND 001-800-1206-66056 UNITED KINGDOM BIRMINGHAM: 44-121-210-9025 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM GLASGOW: 44-141-202-3225 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM LEEDS: 44-113-301-2125 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM LONDON: 44-20-7108-6370 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM MANCHESTER: 44-161-601-1425 0808-238-6029 URUGUAY 000-413-598-3421 USA 1-517-345-9004 866-692-5726 VENEZUELA 0800-1-00-3702
Restrictions may exist when accessing freephone/toll free numbers using a mobile telephone.
Many thanks, -- Maryam Bakoshi Secretariat ?Support - NCSG, NCUC, NPOC Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Email: maryam.bakoshi@icann.org <mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org><mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org <mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org>> Mobile: +44 7737 698036 <tel:%2B44%207737%20698036> Skype: maryam.bakoshi.icann
Apologies in advance that I will not be on the call today. Re the FoI, I agree that less is more. In terms of the four bullets, I would offer the first two bullet points instead. I do agree that less is more. Motoko - What it means for ICANN to respect human rights - What is outside the scope of ICANN's responsibility to respect human rights (e.g., no enforcement) - Reference to applicable instruments - Whether other documents are needed in addition to the bylaw (e.g. HR policy *Motoko Aizawa | Managing Director USA* *M* +1 202 763 1503 *|**S* MotokoSkype11 *I* *W* www.ihrb.org *I T* *@ <haley.st.dennis@ihrb.org>**IHRB* *Bogot*á *| **Brussel**s * *| **Geneva* *| **London* *|** Nairobi* *| **Washington D.C.* *|* *Yangon* On Tue, May 17, 2016 at 6:45 AM, Niels ten Oever <niels@article19.org> wrote:
Dear Corinne,
Thanks for your great work, it might help to have a bit of background in to the discussion that we extensively had in CCWG WP4 on this. There was no clear agreement whatsoever on using the Ruggie Principles, so assuming we will might ruffle some feathers.
Next to that we might need think whether it would be necessary to go this deep and far at all. Maybe an FoI could simply be an explanatory report to the bylaw which explains: - What does it mean to respect - What does it mean to not enforce - Reference to applicable instruments - Whether other documents are needed in addition to the bylaw (e.g. HR policy
I think that less might be more.
Happy to discuss on the call and hear what other people think.
Best,
Niels
Niels ten Oever Head of Digital
Article 19 www.article19.org
PGP fingerprint 8D9F C567 BEE4 A431 56C4 678B 08B5 A0F2 636D 68E9
On 05/17/2016 11:59 AM, Corinne Cath wrote:
Dear all,
I have been working on the FOI - and developed some completely new text on the basis of your suggestions, which you can find below.
I have focused on the Ruggie principles as the standard for ICANN to uphold. I assume this is still open for discussion, but for the time being (or unless Tatiana, Aarti or Vidushi tell me that I have no business making these kinds of decisions as a none-lawyer ;) I am focusing on Ruggie.
However, I am running into some troubles trying to actually flesh out what steps should be taken to ensure the interpretation of the Ruggie principles happens as we believe will best ensure ICANN's commitment to respect human rights.
Right now I combined text from the HRIA document, the research done < http://www.ihrb.org/pdf/reports/2015-11-17-ICANN-Corporate-Responsibility-to...
by Article 19 and the guiding principles <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/HR.PUB.12.2_En.pdf>for the Ruggie principles. But I feel like I am going in circles, and suggesting in the FOI that we need the development of other policies and procedures. Which I don't think is the best way forward.
If anyone has any thoughts now, or on the call later today that would be much appreciated!
Best,
*FOI Version 3 *
The purpose of this Framework of Interpretation (FOI) is to give a framework for applying human rights principles to ensure that ICANN respects internationally recognized human rights. The most appropriate principles to set as the standard in the case of ICANN are the UN Guiding Principleson Business and Human Rights, also known as the Ruggie principles. These principles present a set of guidelines for States and companies to ‘protect, respect, and remedy’ human rights abuses committed in business operations. Their unique tailoring to businesses makes them a good fit for ICANN. The word respect in this case refers to companies’ responsibility to avoid infringing on the human rights of others and should address adverse human rights impacts with which they are involved (Guiding principle 11, < http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.p... for implementing the Ruggie Principles).
The overall Ruggie principles has three tiers:
1. State responsibility to protect against human rights abuses by third entities, including businesses through policies, regulation and adjudication.
2. Corporate responsibility to respect human rights, in which businesses are asked to practice due diligence (see definition below) to avoid infringing on the rights of others and address instances of adverse impact in which they are involved.
3. Access to effective remedy for victims, both judicial and non-judicial.
This framework of interpretation develops a set of guiding principles based on those presented by the UN for the Ruggie principles and specifically focused on the second tier: the corporate responsibility to respect human rights.
*Corporate responsibility to respect human rights:*
In addition to an explicit human rights commitment, companies need to adopt a due diligence approach to their business processes. Due diligence in the case of human rights refers to the: “An ongoing risk management process…in order to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how [a company] addresses its adverse human rights impacts. It includes four key steps: assessing actual and potential human rights impacts; integrating and acting on the findings; tracking responses; and communicating about how impacts are addressed.” (UN Ruggie Principles).
In practice this mean companies need to have in place on-going processes that identify potential human rights abuses, that allow them to respond in a timely fashion with measures to prevent these abuses. These processes can also identify ongoing human rights abuses, and as such, need to include procedures to remedy those. Keeping in mind that this framework of interpretation does not create any additional obligation for ICANN to respond to or consider any complaint, request or demand seeking the enforcement of human rights by ICANN.
Based on this information the following steps should be taken to ensure proper interpretation of the Ruggie Principles:
_Phase 1: Human rights impact analysis_
a.) A planning and scoping phase that includes scoping of (i) ICANN’s business activities to understand the scale and type of ICANN’s operations, and (ii) the human rights context of ICANN’soperation to understand the human rights topics in the particular ICANN operational context.
b.) Data collection and baseline phase: additional data gathering to better understand the key human rights areas identified in phase a, through further research, as well as interviews and stakeholder engagement.
c.) Impact analysis: systematically identify any human rights impacts of ICANN operations and to assess their severity against the Ruggie Principles.
d.) Present an impact analysis matrix.
_Phase 2: Mitigation and prevention system for human rights abuses_
a.) Manage and mitigate impact by applying a mitigation hierarchy that first focuses on prevention, and where not possible applies mitigation strategies.This includes finding ways to exercise leverage to address impacts in collaboration with third parties, including business partners, stakeholders, government agencies etc.
b.) Clearly establish roles and responsibility, allocate resources and establish performance indicators, milestones and deadlines to be followed.
_Phase 3: Presentation of findings _
a.) Present the responses to the issues identified on an on going basis.
_Phase 4: Reporting and evaluation_
a.) Reporting publically on progress periodically.
b.) Develop mechanism to feed these results back into phase 2.
c.) ICANN board and management should carry out a comprehensive (and preferably an external) process of review and evaluation of its Policy and Management Plan/System after three to five years of implementation.
On Mon, May 16, 2016 at 10:44 PM, <cc-humanrights-request@icann.org <mailto:cc-humanrights-request@icann.org>> wrote:
Send cc-humanrights mailing list submissions to cc-humanrights@icann.org <mailto:cc-humanrights@icann.org>
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When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific than "Re: Contents of cc-humanrights digest..."
Today's Topics:
1. REMINDER: CCWP ICANN and Human Rights | Tuesday 17 May 2016 | 13:00 UTC (Maryam Bakoshi)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Message: 1 Date: Mon, 16 May 2016 21:08:54 +0000 From: Maryam Bakoshi <maryam.bakoshi@icann.org <mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org>> To: Human Rights <cc-humanrights@icann.org <mailto:cc-humanrights@icann.org>>, ICANN Policy Calendar <PolicyCalendar@icann.org <mailto:PolicyCalendar@icann.org>> Cc: matteo lucchetti <matluc@hotmail.com <mailto:matluc@hotmail.com>>, Herb Waye <herb.waye@icann.org <mailto:herb.waye@icann.org>>, Niels ten Oever <niels@digitaldissidents.org <mailto:niels@digitaldissidents.org>> Subject: [cc-humanrights] REMINDER: CCWP ICANN and Human Rights | Tuesday 17 May 2016 | 13:00 UTC Message-ID:
<7ddc6bc5d2dc4231aa07c4ea65fcedc9@PMBX112-E1-VA-2.PEXCH112.ICANN.ORG <mailto:
7ddc6bc5d2dc4231aa07c4ea65fcedc9@PMBX112-E1-VA-2.PEXCH112.ICANN.ORG>>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
Dear All,
Please find below participation details for CCWP ICANN and Human Rights on Tuesday 17 May 2016 at 13:00 UTC
Adobe Connect: https://icann.adobeconnect.com/ncsg/
Full list of Time Zones: http://tinyurl.com/z6pcbrq
Time in some other locations:
Sydney: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 23:00 Tokyo: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 22:00 Beijing: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 21:00 Moscow: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 16:00 New Delhi: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 18:30 Paris: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 15:00 Buenos Aires: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 10:00 New York: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 09:00 Los Angeles: Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 06:00
Agenda: TBC
Passcodes/Pin codes: Participant passcode: HR
For security reasons, the passcode will be required to join the conference.
Dial in numbers: Country Toll Numbers Freephone/ Toll Free Number
ARGENTINA 0800-777-0519<tel:0800-777-0519> AUSTRALIA ADELAIDE: 61-8-8121-4842 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA BRISBANE: 61-7-3102-0944 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA CANBERRA: 61-2-6100-1944 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA MELBOURNE: 61-3-9010-7713 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA PERTH: 61-8-9467-5223 1-800-657-260 AUSTRALIA SYDNEY: 61-2-8205-8129 1-800-657-260 AUSTRIA 43-1-92-81-113 0800-005-259 BELGIUM 32-2-400-9861 0800-3-8795 BRAZIL 0800-7610651<tel:0800-7610651> CHILE 1230-020-2863 CHINA CHINA A: 86-400-810-4789 10800-712-1670 CHINA CHINA B: 86-400-810-4789 10800-120-1670 COLOMBIA 01800-9-156474 CZECH REPUBLIC 420-2-25-98-56-64 800-700-177 DENMARK 45-7014-0284 8088-8324 ESTONIA 800-011-1093 FINLAND 358-9-5424-7162 0-800-9-14610 FRANCE LYON: 33-4-26-69-12-85 080-511-1496 FRANCE MARSEILLE: 33-4-86-06-00-85 080-511-1496 FRANCE PARIS: 33-1-70-70-60-72 080-511-1496 GERMANY 49-69-2222-20362
0800-664-4247<tel:0800-664-4247>
GREECE 30-80-1-100-0687 00800-12-7312 HONG KONG 852-3001-3863 800-962-856 HUNGARY 06-800-12755 INDIA INDIA A: 000-800-852-1268 INDIA INDIA B: 000-800-001-6305 INDIA INDIA C: 1800-300-00491 INDONESIA 001-803-011-3982 IRELAND 353-1-246-7646 1800-992-368 ISRAEL 1-80-9216162 ITALY MILAN: 39-02-3600-6007 800-986-383 JAPAN OSAKA: 81-6-7739-4799<tel:81-6-7739-4799>
0066-33-132439
JAPAN TOKYO: 81-3-5539-5191<tel:81-3-5539-5191>
0066-33-132439
LATVIA 8000-3185 LUXEMBOURG 352-27-000-1364 MALAYSIA 1-800-81-3065 MEXICO 001-866-376-9696 NETHERLANDS 31-20-718-8588
0800-023-4378<tel:0800-023-4378>
NEW ZEALAND 64-9-970-4771 0800-447-722 NORWAY 47-21-590-062 800-15157 PANAMA 011-001-800-5072065 PERU 0800-53713 PHILIPPINES 63-2-858-3716 POLAND 00-800-1212572 PORTUGAL 8008-14052 RUSSIA 8-10-8002-0144011 SAUDI ARABIA 800-8-110087 SINGAPORE 65-6883-9230 800-120-4663 SLOVAK REPUBLIC 421-2-322-422-25 SOUTH AFRICA 080-09-80414 SOUTH KOREA 82-2-6744-1083 00798-14800-7352 SPAIN 34-91-414-25-33 800-300-053 SWEDEN 46-8-566-19-348 0200-884-622 SWITZERLAND 41-44-580-6398 0800-120-032 TAIWAN 886-2-2795-7379 00801-137-797 THAILAND 001-800-1206-66056 UNITED KINGDOM BIRMINGHAM: 44-121-210-9025 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM GLASGOW: 44-141-202-3225 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM LEEDS: 44-113-301-2125 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM LONDON: 44-20-7108-6370 0808-238-6029 UNITED KINGDOM MANCHESTER: 44-161-601-1425 0808-238-6029 URUGUAY 000-413-598-3421 USA 1-517-345-9004 866-692-5726 VENEZUELA 0800-1-00-3702
Restrictions may exist when accessing freephone/toll free numbers using a mobile telephone.
Many thanks, -- Maryam Bakoshi Secretariat ?Support - NCSG, NCUC, NPOC Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Email: maryam.bakoshi@icann.org <mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org><mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org <mailto:maryam.bakoshi@icann.org>> Mobile: +44 7737 698036 <tel:%2B44%207737%20698036> Skype: maryam.bakoshi.icann
participants (4)
-
Corinne Cath -
Matthew Shears -
Motoko Aizawa -
Niels ten Oever